mRNA, or messenger ribonucleic acid, is a macromolecule within cells that works to synthesize protein from genes encoded in an organism’s DNA. mRNA is transcribed from DNA within a cell’s nucleus.
Our DNA, or genetic code, contains all the genes we will express in our lifetime. Within these genes are instructions that code for different proteins. Our cell’s everyday function is dependent on the availability of specific proteins.
mRNA is the “middleman” between our cell’s DNA and proteins. “Messenger RNA ” earns its name as it carries DNA’s genetic code instructions to make a specific protein. The use of mRNA in drug therapeutics have had a revolutionary effect on treating various diseases. mRNA therapies are versatile and programmable in nature and recognizable to the body through its natural synthesis of mRNA.
The Function of mRNA in Body Cells
Once DNA transcribes into mRNA, the mRNA travels to the cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome, where protein synthesis takes place.
Proteins are responsible for nearly every task within cells.
When mRNA is transcribed from DNA, our genetic code can then be processed into proteins that can carry out the DNA’s instructions for gene expression.
These proteins can provide structural support for our cells and orchestrate their everyday functions.
How Does mRNA Therapy Work?
mRNA-based therapy involves delivering sequences of mRNA into the body. This is achieved by encapsulating the mRNA into a delivery vehicle, such as liposomes or nanoparticles. An example of mRNA therapy is the COVID-19 vaccine, which utilizes lipid nanoparticles (LNPs).
The LNPs are loaded with mRNA sequences that synthesize COVID-19 spike proteins found on the virus’s surface. When the LNPs bind to and enter cells, the mRNA is released. The body then reads these mRNA sequences and synthesizes the COVID-19 spike protein. The immune systems response to the spike protein result in antibody production that helps prevent the virus from attacking healthy cells
Why is mRNA Therapy a Good Alternative to Current Treatments?
mRNA therapy has shown to be a versatile treatment method for a range of diseases due to its programmable nature.
mRNA therapies can utilize targeted drug delivery to reach specific cells within the body while having little to no effect on surrounding areas.
Depending on the mRNA therapy’s design, various proteins can be coded for by a given sequence.
Additionally, mRNA is an incredibly stable molecule allowing easy storage and transportation. Its use also poses limited side effects since it is a naturally occurring molecule produced within the human body.
Nevertheless, mRNA therapies are breakthrough treatment methods. Much development and research are still needed to make these therapies widely available and ensure their efficacy.
mRNA Treatment Design
1. Insertion of mRNA into DNA Plasmid
The protein of interest must be identified and isolated when designing mRNA therapeutics. Once this occurs, the protein coding sequence can be inserted into an artificial DNA segment, such as a plasmid.
2. Transcription of DNA into mRNA
This DNA segment is then transcribed into mRNA. This mRNA will, which will, in turn, code for the protein of interest.
3. Loading mRNA into Delivery Vehicles and Binding and Entry into Target Cells
Once the mRNA segment is isolated, it can be loaded into a delivery vehicle such as liposomes or lipid-based nanoparticles. It is crucial to maintain the stability of the mRNA while it is enveloped within the delivery vehicle to ensure successful delivery to target cells.
4. Protein Synthesis
The mRNA is released when the delivery vehicles bind to and enter cells. Once in the body, the ribosomes of the target cells read the mRNA, and the synthesis of the protein of interest begins.